U.S. schools that have a lot of students with prescriptions for ADHD medication also tend to have a lot of students who misuse the drugs, a new study suggests. Researchers found that among nearly 3,300 U.S. middle schools and high schools, some had a serious problem with students misusing prescription stimulant medications. At certain schools, upwards of one-quarter of students said they’d misused the drugs in the past year. And the problem loomed larger at schools where a high percentage of students had legitimate stimulant prescriptions — a sign some of those kids are sharing the drugs with their peers. At issue are the medications most commonly used to treat ADHD, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, including well-known brand names like Ritalin (methylphenidate), Adderall (amphetamine/dextroamphetamine) and Concerta (methylphenidate). When kids actually have ADHD, the drugs can help them focus, have more self-control and do better in school. But the medications are also commonly abused, often by kids or college students who get pills from their friends with prescriptions. “Oftentimes, there are several motivations for misuse,” said Sean Esteban McCabe, director of the University of Michigan’s Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health. Some kids, he said, buy into the mistaken belief that stimulants will make them sharper and boost their school performance. Other times, they use the drugs to “get high,” to…  read on >  read on >

It sounds like the stuff of a vampire novel, but for people with a group of rare genetic disorders, exposure to sunlight can cause excruciating pain. Now, an experimental medication is showing promise for helping them better tolerate the light of day. In an early clinical trial, researchers tested the drug for patients with either of two related conditions: erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) and X-linked protoporphyria (XLP). Both belong to a group of eight rare genetic disorders called porphyrias. Studies estimate that EPP and XLP affect one in every 75,000 to 200,000 white people. Both conditions arise from certain genetic abnormalities that cause a chemical called protoporphyrin to build up in the blood and the lining of the blood vessels. The trouble comes when a person with EPP or XLP goes into the sun: That light activates protoporphyrin in the blood vessels, which triggers inflammation, cell damage and severe pain. Both disorders usually become apparent in childhood — which, clearly, takes a toll on kids’ quality of life, said Dr. Robert Desnick, one of the researchers on the new trial. “They call themselves shadow-jumpers, because they have to run from one shady spot to another to avoid the sun,” said Desnick, a professor of genetics and genomic sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, in New York City. Standard sunscreen offers no protection,…  read on >  read on >

Put out that cigarette for the health of your four-legged friend. When smokers search social media for anti-tobacco information, they tend to engage most with posts about the risk of secondhand smoke on their pets, a new study reveals. Posts with new information about harmful chemicals also receive high engagement, researchers found. “Our results show that people respond to messaging on how smoking negatively affects the lives of those they care about, including pets. Messages that are personally meaningful to smokers can help to generate positive behavioral changes among smokers,” said principal investigator Hong Xue, an associate professor of health administration at George Mason University in Fairfax, Va. “Anti-tobacco campaigns can use these findings to improve their campaigns, better engage the public, and more effectively promote reasons to stop smoking,” he said in a university news release. The researchers used machine learning and social media data to analyze factors that influence effective anti-smoking campaigns and user engagement. The study was led by Xue and GMU associate professor Gilbert Gimm. They described their work as the first large-scale social media data mining study that examined key anti-tobacco campaigns in the United States. Their research also found that large campaigns from government and nonprofit organizations had greater user engagement than smaller and local campaigns. Facebook users were much more likely to engage in messages with videos. About…  read on >  read on >

Four out of 10 people who have lingering health issues after COVID-19 infection can count bothersome sleep problems among them. About 41% of those with so-called long COVID have moderate to severe sleep issues, according to new research from the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. Black patients are three times more likely to develop these sleep disturbances. “Sleep difficulties and fatigue are widely reported by people with long COVID, but little is known about the severity and factors associated with these symptoms,” said lead author Dr. Cinthya Pena Orbea, assistant professor of medicine at Cleveland Clinic’s Sleep Disorders Center. “Our findings not only emphasize the importance of identification of sleep disturbance in long COVID considering its impact on patients’ quality of life, daytime functioning and medical health status, but they also draw the attention to the persistent inequities seen throughout the COVID-19 pandemic,” Pena Orbea said in a clinic news release. Risk factors for these lingering sleep disturbances include race, hospitalization for COVID-19, and greater severity of anxiety and fatigue, she and her colleagues found. The researchers analyzed data collected from 962 long-COVID patients who were treated at Cleveland Clinic’s reCOVer Clinic between February 2021 and April 2022. The patients, all adults, completed sleep disturbance and fatigue questionnaires. Among the other findings: About 67% reported moderate to severe fatigue. About 22% reported severe fatigue. More than…  read on >  read on >

We know that stress can take a toll on the body, but many may not realize it can produce a rash. “Stress can increase the level of the hormone cortisol, increasing inflammation in your body, which can lead to hives, acne, eczema, and hair loss, among other symptoms,” dermatologist Dr. Elizabeth Farhat said in a recent article. Typically, hives are caused by an allergic reaction but can actually be triggered by stress. According to Scripps, you are more likely to develop a stress rash if you have experienced asthma, eczema, rosacea or allergies. Here is everything you need to know to manage a stress rash. What does stress rash look like? According to the Cleveland Clinic, hives can appear on your face, hands and neck. The hives will look like raised bumps that are reddish on lighter-colored skin. They can look like tiny pinpoints or welts and may develop into raised red clusters. Hives can change size and shape. When you press on the bumps, the skin will turn lighter in the center. When you have a stress rash on your face, you may also experience painful swelling of your lips, eyes and the inside of your throat. The rash can burn, itch and cause pain. Where does a stress rash appear? Hives can appear anywhere on the body. However, according to Scripps, when a…  read on >  read on >

Figuring out how stress affects your body can be a challenge, because the answer can depend on how stressed out you are, and for how long. For instance, recent research has shown that low-to-moderate stress levels may actually be good for your ability to learn and apply knowledge. High stress levels, on the other hand, can negatively impact your working memory. Likewise, short-term stress can impact your body differently than long-term stress. So, how does stress affect the body when it’s momentary versus chronic? Here, experts break down the most common physical, mental and emotional outcomes for both, and offer some tips on how to manage stress to help prevent long-term health issues. Short-term stress effects on the body Cleveland Clinic psychologist Dr. Susan Albers-Bowling noted that daily stressors such as forgetting to pay a bill or missing the bus to work tend to cause short-term, low-to-moderate stress on the body. “What happens in the body is that our muscles begin to tense, our heart begins to beat faster and more oxygen goes to our lungs, this is to help prepare for the stressor,” she said in a Cleveland Clinic article. “The good news is that often, stressors are minor. After the stressor passes, our body goes back to its normal resting state.” Dr. Suchita Shah, a University of Oxford undergraduate primary care tutor and…  read on >  read on >